Deailes

on the development of national “law smoking in public places,” the proposal

domestic and international experience shows that implementation of the public places smoking law is to protect the public from the hazards of smoking the most effective measures. China is a tobacco production and consumption country, 350 million smokers, passive smoking, the number of up to 540 million, the corresponding number of patients reached 600-800 million, of which the fastest rise in lung cancer incidence rates over the reform and opening up increased 4.65 times, 1 million each year from smoking-induced deaths, and the resulting direct medical costs of 14 billion yuan. 30% of the international community of countries have promulgated the “law smoking in public places,” China, as a responsible big country, and constantly improving people’s health and state of civilization, while simultaneously maintaining the country’s image in the international community for the Chinese nation stand tall among the nations in the world lay the foundation.

At present, China is not a ban on smoking in public places specific national legislation. In 1987 the State Council promulgated the relevant regulations, began to involve the terms of smoking bans in public places, but far from being able to meet the people’s health needs and social development needs. The first no-smoking laws and regulations fragmented. Currently, only civil aviation, railways and other industries and 45.7% of medium-sized city issued a ban on smoking in public places specific regulations. The second is the lack of standardized tobacco control laws and regulations. The light of the absence of central legislation, local laws and regulations in no-smoking places, smoking areas, law enforcement and so obviously different standards. The vast majority of places where smoking is limited to health care, childcare, schools, conference rooms, libraries, public transportation and other places; no-smoking areas are divided into smoking and some smoking areas, and in the no-smoking areas also classified as “Smoking Area” and ” smoking area. ” The third is a serious lack of enforcement capability. Smoking enforcement subject to Aiwei Hui and health administrative departments, as smokers in large quantities, the degree of civilization is not high, coupled with understaffed law-enforcement groups, funding shortages, resulting in hard evidence, punished hard and failed to observe the phenomenon seriously. Fourth, non-compliance penalties go far enough. The existing regulations more people violating the Ordinance to “exhort education, make it correct,” “refuses to correct, is punishable by ten-dollar to tens of dollars” in fines, penalties obviously falls short of disciplinary purposes; While some provisions of the violators “shall be an administrative punishment\

To this end, the following recommendations:

one as soon as possible to start “no-smoking law in public places,” the legislative process. January 9, 2011 approved by the NPC of China to fulfill the international “Framework Convention on Tobacco Control,” expired, that is, in indoor workplaces, public transport, indoor public places 100% no smoking. The current period from the remaining 9 months of performance, such as not legislation, will have a direct impact on China’s international credibility. Therefore, the legislation will not only help people’s health, for local legislation and improve relevant laws and regulations provide a reference, but also the important actions of our performance, to safeguard China’s international influence events.

Second, clear “law smoking in public places,” the no-smoking areas, law enforcement subjects, law enforcement procedures, penalties and regulations to implement the process and so on. First, 100% no-smoking in indoor public places. International Tobacco Control experience has shown that “completely smoke-free environment” is the only effective means to protect all persons against hazards, ventilation, air filtration and designated smoking areas and other measures have been proven ineffective. Second, laws and regulations for law enforcement, supervision,rolex watches, management and other departments and units to make clearly defined responsibilities, and further clarify the law enforcement procedures,CHI Hair Straightener, are given sufficient to achieve individual and unit discipline violations principle.

3 and step up publicity for the national “law smoking in public places,” lay the foundation for the implementation. Smoking is a difficult behavior to change, through advocacy,replica rolex watches, to enhance awareness of smoking hazards and health awareness, raise public awareness of regulatory compliance, to ensure the effectiveness of law enforcement.

tobacco ad valorem duty on the implementation of the proposed reforms

China is the world’s largest tobacco producing and consuming countries, but also countries that are most affected by the haze. International experience shows that by raising tobacco taxes and prices to curb consumer demand, is an effective means of tobacco control, especially for young people and more significant effects of low-income smokers, but also help to increase revenue.

2009 Nian 5 Yue Ministry of Finance and State Administration of Taxation jointly issued the “tobacco products on the adjustment of consumption tax policy, notice” of comprehensive tobacco tax rate from 40% to 48.7%, while revenues increased by 500 million, but the control smoke limited effect. First, the dangers of tobacco does not reflect the tax burden, China’s tobacco tax is far lower than the international average level of 65-70%, the “Fiscal smoke” room is great. Second, the transfer tax does not complete, several types of tobacco tax adjustments, in addition to a handful of high-priced cigarettes, other tobacco prices did not change, for national consumption, particularly in low-end market, little impact. Third, the implementation of tobacco monopoly system in the country, the formation of the tobacco monopoly industry, excess profits, adjusted tax rate is small, little impact on tobacco companies, which transfer price of 50-70 yuan / Article falling instead of rising tobacco taxes, to the tobacco companies to create through the the adjustment of product structure, transfer tax deal with the space.

2006 1 National People’s Congress approved, “the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control,” formally entered into force in January 2011 due performance of which Article 6 provides that “the implementation of tax policies on tobacco products and, where appropriate, price policies, in order to for the purpose of reducing tobacco consumption. ” The transfer tax is far can not be achieved, “the Convention” requirement, can not be considered full compliance action, we must further utilization “tax price linkage” means, in order to achieve “the Convention” tobacco control objectives.

recommends:

1, to price tobacco control. More than 80% of China’s population to consumption of low-priced cigarettes mainly focused tone cheap cigarettes in order to achieve an effective reduction in consumer spending. On the A and B class tobacco price rises are not linked with the price, the price is low, price rises large, can be reduced due to price increases caused by the same group of low-priced cigarette consumption, the expansion of risk. Removal of subsidies for low-cost tobacco policy change “to subsidize the poor non-smoking” to “help the poor to quit.”

2, profits turned over. After the tobacco industry will increase by profits of monopoly industries in particular income payments, health, special charges or damage to the central government special revenue funds, etc. to the state treasury regulation. If the CPI increased by 3 per pack cigarette yuan and B increased 0.5 yuan per pack cigarette, cigarette consumption per year will be reduced by 100 million 263.7-880.7, 184.3-313 billion tax increase, decrease 161.2-540.6 million smokers, smoking 54-180.2 million reduction in premature death.

3, from the amount of ad valorem taxes, and a combination. Currently the main shift to ad valorem tax from the price, the amount of tax from the combination of the tax rate increase reflected in the sales price and quantity. Constantly improve the tax rate based on the number of companies A and B types of tobacco sales, according to the CPI cigarettes per pack 1.5 yuan, 0.25 yuan per pack cigarette B to the “central fiscal revenue regulation fund” paid taxes, consumption tax to adapt to the direction of reform, the collection of links links to the wholesale transfer of tobacco taxes in 2012 increased to 65%, which can effectively control the tobacco companies, national tobacco sales, consumption, but also increase revenue.

4, increased tobacco control input. Health care reform, now in a critical period, in accordance with 2009, “CPC Central Committee and State Council on Deepening the views of medical and health system reform,” strengthen the government’s basic public health services in the responsibility for tobacco control is an important part of public health, funding a serious shortage of tobacco control actions difficult to go deep into the local and grass-roots level. The need will increase the price of tobacco tax revenue for public health and tobacco control.

on the implementation of the international “Framework Convention on Tobacco Control”

urgent recommendations

2006 Nian 1 9, National People’s Congress ratified the international “Framework Convention on Tobacco Control,” the entry into force , tobacco control related to the health and lives of millions of people, 350 million smokers, passive smoking, the number as high as 540 million each year up to 600-800 million in the corresponding number of patients, lung cancer incidence rate compared with the initial stage of reform and opening up increased by 4.7 times, an annual death in lung cancer by about 60 million people, here the speed will reach one million people by 2025. Now die each year from smoking-related diseases, 100 million people, here the speed will reach 2 million people in 2025. The middle of this century, accumulated 100 million Chinese people died from tobacco-related diseases, half of them died the age of 35-69 years old. Can not afford to bring the tobacco to the economy short-term interests and neglect the people’s health, labor resources, long-term damage.

Government endorses the “Convention” Tobacco Control principles and measures the Chinese government people-oriented, adhere to the scientific concept of development position. Hazards of tobacco control is an important public health policies, compliance related to me a responsible big country’s international image. January 2011 9 compliance expired and the period of performance from the remaining 9 months, but the process of China’s tobacco control and the “Convention,” there are still a wide gap between demand and special made the following recommendations:

1, urgent introduction of Tobacco Control Planning

“the Convention” suggests that “Parties to develop, implement, periodically update and review comprehensive multisectoral national tobacco control strategies, plans and programs.” Tobacco Control in China is of great significance to the global tobacco control has received international community. At present, China signed the “Convention” has been five years, but not yet to develop tobacco control strategy and planning, the slow pace of tobacco control. As soon as possible to develop national tobacco control plan and action plan, step by step on tobacco production, sales control, step by step organization of tobacco cultivation and production areas and the tobacco industry steadily converting, alternative, in order to maximize the effectiveness of tobacco control is that the Chinese government the international community, tobacco control, “performance”’s commitment is to establish an international image and win the trust of a long-term and arduous task.

2, urgent need to develop anti-smoking laws

“the Convention” suggests that “the Parties to the Government to consider the effective legislative, executive, administrative or other measures to protect all persons from exposure to tobacco smoke.” legislation not only conducive to people’s health, for local legislation and improve relevant laws and regulations provide a reference, but also the important actions of our performance, to safeguard China’s international influence events. China lags behind in the tobacco control legislation, there is no specific law against the national tobacco control, just rely on scattered laws and regulations related to tobacco control to guide action, can not be systematically and effectively promote relevant state departments, local government standard-setting legal norms. Must accelerate the development of no-smoking legislation plan to promote the process of no-smoking law. China must develop as quickly as possible to prevent the exposure to smoke environmental laws and regulations to give priority to start the “no-smoking law in public places,” the legislative process, before the introduction of the compliance deadline.

3, needs to be confirmed tobacco control objectives

“to protect people’s health and reduce the tobacco supply and demand” is the tobacco control objectives, performance commitments of the Chinese government, while the Tobacco Monopoly Bureau to fulfill “the Convention” related responsibilities and tasks is to “tobacco harm-reduction tar work,” through “scientific and technological innovation” achieved “tar harm reduction objectives.” 2008 China’s tobacco industry, announced that the average tar per cigarette has dropped to 13.2 mg. However, 13.2 milligrams of tar smoking a cigarette with a 20 mg tar cigarettes as harmful to health, “light” cigarette smokers tend to smoke more mouth, smoke more frequently, or more deeply inhaled into the lungs. Therefore, the Chinese tobacco industry trying to reduce the tar harm reduction efforts in health benefits for smokers are not misled smokers into believing that to reduce the tar harm reduction. Immediate clarification “tar harm reduction” was in urgent need to establish tobacco product disclosure regime so that the masses abreast of toxic constituents of tobacco products and harm the release of material, so that the general public to accept the only way to harm reduction is to reduce the supply, to promote smoking cessation.

4, yet to be reformed Zhengqibufen system

“the Convention” suggests that “The Parties shall prevent the public health policies on tobacco control by the tobacco industry, commercial and other vested interests.” China’s tobacco industry Zhengqigeyi system, created a tobacco monopoly position of strength, the tobacco industry, government departments very difficult bind their own business practices to fulfill the public responsibility for tobacco control, but also the use of national public power for tobacco companies to seek a larger space for development , so that the tobacco companies on executive power and strong financial resources in a constantly increase in tobacco production and marketing. The Government of the State Council set up inter-ministerial anti-smoking compliance coordination mechanism led by the Ministry of Information Industry. However, the State Tobacco Monopoly Bureau China Tobacco Corporation is the general manager of tobacco control performance of this system and can not get rid of the tobacco business interests to contain, touching the interests of the tobacco industry tobacco control measures can not be implemented smoothly, compliance issues, slow progress in China’s tobacco control an important performance bottleneck. Past two years, NPC deputies and CPPCC members put forward recommendations to change the institutional voice of the tobacco industry Zhengqigeyi day, we have to separate government administration from the system as quickly as possible.

5, urgent need to curb the momentum of sustained growth in output

“the Convention” that “goal is to Parties to implement tobacco control measures to make tobacco use and exposure to tobacco smoke continued to decline significantly.” China is the world’s largest tobacco producing and consuming countries, but also countries that are most affected by the haze. Since the signing of “conventions\The tobacco sector is not in “demand reduction” We should, but “increase supply” on the development. Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao put forward on behalf of the Chinese government “must not be at the expense of people’s health and life in exchange for the interests of enterprises and economic development.” Must take all measures to reduce tobacco production and consumption.

6, urgent need to establish tax-inclusive price linkage system

“the Convention” suggests that “the implementation of tax policies on tobacco products and, where appropriate, price policies, in order to promote the purpose of reducing tobacco consumption.” International experience shows that by raising tobacco taxes and prices to curb consumer demand, is an effective means of tobacco control, especially for young people and more significant effects of low-income smokers, but also help to increase revenue. May 2009 Ministry of Finance and State Administration of Taxation jointly issued the “tobacco products on the adjustment of consumption tax policy,Hair Straight, notice” of comprehensive tobacco tax rate from 40% to 48.7%, while revenues increased by 500 billion, but the effect of tobacco control is limited. The “price of tobacco control” strategy to take notes focus on low-priced cigarettes, tobacco subsidies, removal of low-cost policy, and change “to subsidize the poor non-smoking” to “help the poor to quit”; “profits turned over to the” strategy,Flat Iron, the tobacco industry will raise prices After the profits of monopoly industries in particular income payments, health, special charges or damage to the central government special revenue funds, etc. to the state treasury regulation; “from the amount of tax and ad valorem taxes” combination of strategy, sales tax rate increase reflected in the price and quantity on, the collection of links to the wholesale segment shift in 2012 tobacco tax increase to 65%, effective control of the tobacco companies, national tobacco sales, consumption, but also increase revenue.

7, should be standardized labeling system for warning packets

“the Convention” suggests that “within three years after signing the entry into force, the State party and the packaging of tobacco products should have a large, clear, clear and eye-catching tobacco is hazardous to health warnings and the appropriate information. ” International experience has shown that picture warnings good effect in April 2008 China promulgated the “People’s Republic of cigarette packaging logo of the rule\, “” China \tar, “” mild, “” ultra light “and so on to attract consumers, dilute the warning in order to ensure that tobacco is highly profitable. Should be amended as soon as possible, “The People’s Republic of China within the cigarette packaging logo of the provisions of” to regulate the tobacco warning identity standards, shall not be used against misleading impression of their logo or words.

8, urgent amendment to ban tobacco advertising, promotion, sponsorship system

“the Convention” suggests that “The Parties shall under the Constitution or constitutional principles, a broad ban on all tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship.” Introduced in 1995, “The People’s Republic of China Advertising Law,” under the new situation is difficult constraints on tobacco advertising, through television, mass media advertising of tobacco hidden through social sponsorship, education, student, sports and other public welfare assistance, or even the title hopes primary school, do face changing advertising, establish a “brand” and “corporate” image, to achieve the purpose of selling tobacco. Forms of advertising, more and more diverse, more and more concealed, making tobacco advertising, promotion widespread acts of the urgent need to improve the “Advertising Law of the People’s Republic” in terms of tobacco and effective control of infiltration of tobacco advertising.

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zenpotdavid 于 2010-2-23 20:29 编辑

A study in paralysis
政治瘫痪的研究

The fate of health-care reform is a test-case in how initiatives fail. Is it also a sign of much deeper trouble in America’s political system?
健保改革的命运是对推出新法案如何失败的一项实验，它是否也意味着美国政治体系有着更深的问题呢?

Feb 18th 2010 | WASHINGTON, DC | From The Economist print edition

Bloomberg

ACCORDING to Paul Krugman, the winner of a Nobel prize for economics and a columnist for the New York Times, modern America is much like 18th-century Poland. On his telling, Poland was rendered largely ungovernable by the parliament’s requirement for unanimity, and disappeared as a country for more than a century. James Fallows, after several years in China as a writer for the Atlantic Monthly, wrote on his return that he found in America a vital and self-renewing culture that attracts the world’s talent and “a governing system that increasingly looks like a joke”. Tom Friedman, another columnist for the New York Times, reported from the annual World Economic Forum in Davos last month that he had never before heard people abroad talking about “political instability” in America. But these days he did.
在诺贝尔经济学奖得主、纽约时报专栏作家克鲁曼Paul Krugman看来，现今美国和十八世纪的波兰没太大差别。在他的述说中，波兰国会对无异议通过法案的要求使得当时的政府几乎无法治理国家，波兰也因而在超过一个世纪的时间中失去成为独立国家的地位。James Fallows，一位在中国待了好几年为Atlantic Monthly写稿的作家，在回到美国后写说，他在美国发现了一种有活力而会自我更新的文化，这文化吸引着世界上的人才。可是他也同时发现了美国的政治体系逐渐看起来像个笑话。Tom Friedman，另一位纽约时报的专栏作家，上个月在Davos年度的世界经济论坛中报导说，他过去从不曾听海外的人谈论美国有任何政治不稳定的情况，但近来情况却不同了。

The growing idea among influential pundits that America is “ungovernable” is being driven in large part by Barack Obama’s failure so far to pass some of the main laws he wants to. And it is, indeed, a puzzle. Here, after all, is a president who only just over a year ago won a handsome mandate: 53% of the popular vote and big majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. He bounded into office with a mountainous agenda, including plans to overhaul America’s health-care system and cut its greenhouse emissions. He seemed until quite recently to be doing reasonably well. In a folksy December interview with Oprah Winfrey he awarded himself “a good, solid B-plus”.
有影响力的评论家渐渐开始认为美国是无法治理的，这主要是因为奥巴马总统意欲通过其提出的几项主要法案，但目前仍未能如愿。这个情况真正是一个谜团。毕竟，他在一年多前漂亮赢得了选举，囊括了百分之五十三的选票以及参众两院多数的席次。当他上任时，他有着像山一样多的事情想完成，包括美国健保体制的改革以及降低温室气体的排放量。他似乎直到最近为止都还做得不错。在和Oprah Winfrey去年十二月的一场显得平易近人的面谈中，他给了自己B+的分数。

The House passed a cap-and-trade bill last year on greenhouse gases. By the beginning of this year the House and Senate had each passed a health-reform bill. But now Mr Obama is suddenly stuck. Barring a legislative miracle, it looks next to impossible for him to push these bills to the finishing line. On health, he is making ever-louder pleas to his Republican foes to bail him out. They have reluctantly accepted his invitation to a bipartisan summit on health reform at the White House next week (voters do not like the minority party to be entirely obstructive). But with mid-term elections in November, the Republicans have every reason not to throw the floundering Democrats a lifeline.
众议院去年通过了一个对温室气体作总量管制和交易的法案。在今年初时，众议院和参议院都已各自通过一个健保改革法案。可是现在欧巴马先生却忽然之间不能动了。除非出现奇迹，要不然他几乎是不可能将这些法案推到终点线。在健保上，他正不断拉高他的音量来恳求他共和党的对手们来拯救他。这些对手们很不情愿的接受他的邀请在下周到白宫进行一个两党的高峰会（选民不喜欢看到少数党只会捣蛋）。可是期中选举在十一月即将举行，共和党们没有理由要丢一条救生绳给快要溺毙的民主党。

How did as shrewd a politician as Mr Obama find himself stalemated, if not checkmated, so early in his presidency? The answer can be found in the intersection of a rule, an event and a trend. The rule is Standing Rule XXII of the Senate. The event was last month’s election in Massachusetts for a successor to the late Senator Ted Kennedy. And the trend is the relentless polarisation in recent decades not only of American political parties, but also of the American people.
像欧巴马这么精明的政治家怎么会在他到任不久就被人将军了，甚至是击败了呢？答案可以在一项议事规则、一件事件、和一个趋势的交集中被找到。议事规则是参议院现行的第二十二条规则。事件是上个月在麻州为了甘迺迪参议员的遗缺所举行的选举。趋势是最近几十年来美国政党以及美国国民在政治上不断的两极化。

Catch-XXII
第二十二号陷阱

Take a deep breath and start with the rule. For most of the 19th century the majority in the Senate had no way to move to “cloture”—ie, end a filibuster and force a vote. This (remember Jimmy Stewart in “Mr Smith Goes to Washington”) enabled almost any senator to block almost any measure just by keeping on talking. In 1917, prompted by a filibuster against Woodrow Wilson’s wish to take America into the first world war, the Senate adopted Rule XXII, which said that it could move to cloture if two-thirds of senators present voted for it. Today’s version requires the assent of three-fifths of all senators, in other words 60 out of the 100.
让我们深吸一口气从议事规则开始讲起吧。在大部分的十九世纪中，参议院的多数党没有任何方法可以”终结一个辩论(cloture)”—也就是终止对手以不停发言来阻扰法案的手段（filibuster）并对法案作强制表决。这使得任何一个参议员都可以挡下对手所有试图通过法案的手段，只要他不停的发言（记得詹姆斯史都华在“Mr Smith Goes to Washington”这部电影里的情节吧）。在一九一七年，由于这种filibuster的手段挡下了Woodrow Wilson这位参议员当时希望美国参战一次世界大战的提议，因而刺激了参议院来采用了第二十二号规则，这规则规定如果三分之二出席的参议员同意，可以对辩论做终结。今天这规则已被修改为需要所有参议员的五分之三，也就是一百位中的六十位，才能终结辩论。

It may sound arcane, but Rule XXII has big consequences. It means, in effect, that new legislation can be forced to muster a 60-vote supermajority in the Senate. Happily for Mr Obama, a Republican from Pennsylvania, Arlen Specter, decided last April to join the Democrats. His defection, followed by the ruling that Al Franken had squeaked to victory in Minnesota, eventually gave the Senate Democrats a filibuster-proof supermajority. This appeared to put health reform—the achievement that eluded Bill Clinton—well within reach. So Mr Obama seemed to take no risks in making this one of his chief tests of success as a president.
这也许听起来不是那么容易理解，不过第二十二号规则有很重大的影响。这规则代表的意义就是说，一项新的法案如果要通过可能需要凑足参议院六十票的超级多数。去年四月，一件让欧巴马会欢欣鼓舞的事情发生了，一位宾州的共和党参议员Arlen Specter，决定改为加入民主党的阵营。他的投诚，再加上另一位明尼苏打州的民主党参议员因法院裁决而当选，终于给了民主党一个不畏惧发言手段的超级多数。这似乎让健保改革—一件柯林顿无法完成的事—落入欧巴马的掌握之中。所以看起来欧巴马在将健保改革作为他总统成功与否的主要试炼时并没有冒任何风险。

By the beginning of this year, success looked close. The House passed its version of a health bill in November. The Senate followed just before Christmas. All that was required when Congress returned last month was for the two bills to be combined so that a joint version could be passed by each chamber again. But on January 19th Scott Brown, a Republican, captured the old Kennedy seat in Massachusetts, bumping the Republicans in the Senate up to 41 and destroying the Democratic supermajority at a stroke. The very next week Mr Obama went to Capitol Hill and pleaded with Congress not to walk away from reform when it had got so close. But the whole plan may now be dead.
今年一开始，成功看起来近在眼前。众议院在去年十一月通过了他们的健保改革法案。参议院接着在圣诞节时通过了他们的版本。那么当国会上个月会期重新开始时，剩下要做的就只有将两个法案合并以及分别由两院各自再通过。但是就在一月十九日这一天，一位共和党员Scott Brown赢得了肯尼迪参议员在麻州的遗缺，将共和党席次提升到了四十一席，也一举摧毁了民主党的超级多数。紧接着的下一周，欧巴马前往了国会所在的Capitol Hill，去向国会恳求，不要在改革这么接近成功的时候抛弃这个法案。但是这整个计划大概是已经玩完了。

This sequence of events has been miserable for the Democrats. But why portray it as a crisis of governability? The answer is the light it casts on the Senate. With two senators for each state regardless of population, the Senate reflects the founders’ dread of an over-mighty centre and the states’ determination to entrench their prerogatives. But to the modern eye the Senate looks perversely non-majoritarian, especially given Rule XXII. If 41 senators can block a bill, and if they all happen to come from the least-populated states, politicians representing about a tenth of the population can block the work of Congress.
这一系列发生的事情对民主党来说是非常令人沮丧的。可是为什么要它说成是治理上的危机呢？答案是它对参议院运作的启示。参议院是由每一州–不论州的人口多寡–两位参议员所组成。参议院代表着美国开国先贤对过度强大的中央政府以及各州想要深植他们权力的一种畏惧。但是从现代的观点来看，参议院看起来是有点倒错的反多数，特别是这第二十二号规则。如果四十一位参议员就可以挡下一个法案，又如果这些参议员通通是属于人口最少的州，那么只要美国十分之一人口的代表就可以让国会停顿下来了。

Still, Rule XXII has been on the Senate’s books for almost a century. Why the fuss about it now? Here it is necessary to look at the third point of the legislative Bermuda Triangle into which Mr Obama has sailed: the polarisation of the political parties over the past 20 years.
不过,hair straighteners，这第二十二号规则已经存在于参议院的议事规则将近一个世纪了。为什么现在才要大惊小怪呢？为了解答这个问题，我们就必须来探讨这让欧巴马先生迷航的百慕达三角的第三支角，也就是政党过去二十年的两极化。

The supermajority rule would be no bad thing if it forced the majority party to reach out to the other side. The Democrats themselves have often been glad of it, for example to block some of George Bush junior’s judicial appointments. And the rule has not prevented Congress from passing far-reaching social legislation in the past. The creation of Social Security in 1935 and of Medicare in 1965 attracted support from both parties. But that was when the ideologies of the parties overlapped in the middle and made bipartisanship easier. Now they have grown more polarised, and in Congress the Republicans in particular have become highly disciplined.
超级多数的规则在使得多数党考虑另一方意见上的确不是一件坏事。民主党他们自己也是经常很高兴有这规则，例如他们就曾用这规则挡下小布什对一些法官的认命。而且这规则在过去也不曾妨碍到一些影响深远的社会改造法案的通过。1935年的社会安全法（Social Security）以及1965年的国家医疗法（Medicare）都得到了两党的支持。可是这些法案的年代里，两党的意识形态在中间是有重迭的，这使得两党的合作比较容易。而现在他们变得比较两极化了，国会的共和党更特别是变得严守自己党派的界线,replica watch。

Just how disciplined became clear as health reform moved slowly through Congress last year. In the House many Democrats defied their leadership and opposed the bill. But only one House Republican was willing to vote in favour, and none at all in the Senate. If the Republicans persist in voting the party line, they can now block pretty much whatever Mr Obama and the Democrats want to do. And with the mid-terms looming, that is a tempting strategy. “Congress is not operating as it should,” despaired Senator Evan Bayh, a conservative Democrat. Mr Bayh announced this week that he had decided to retire because “brain-dead partisanship” was preventing “the people’s business” from getting done. He recommended a wholesale ejection of incumbents in November, and their replacement by people who cared about reforming the system.
到底他们是如何严守党派的纪律呢，去年当健保法案在国会缓慢推动时，这种纪律就非常清楚的显露出来了。在众议院，许多民主党全然不顾他们的领导的指挥来反对这个法案。可是只有一位共和党的众议员愿意投赞成票，而没有任何的共和党参议员投赞成票。如果共和党一直这样遵照党内的指示投票，他们可以挡下几乎所有欧巴马以及民主党想要完成的事情。当期中选举近在眼前，这样的策略是很有诱惑力的。”国会现在的运转是不正常的”，一位保守的民主党参议员Evan Bayh几近绝望的这么说。这位参议员本周决定他要退休，因为这种”不顾一切只为党”的心态妨碍了国会能对”人民的事情”做决定。他建议在十一月大批的将现在在任的议员更换成对体制有心想改革的人。

A moment, not a pattern
只是片刻，沒有定型

The president cannot fulfil his mandate. The majority cannot pass its bills. So, case proven: America is ungovernable.
总统不能完成选民的托付。多数党不能通过法案。所以我们已经证明了：美国是没法被治理的。

Well, no. For a start, the moment of paralysis described above is just that: a moment, not a pattern. In fact America’s government has been anything but supine of late. Many Americans, not least the strident “tea-party” populists who helped Mr Brown to victory in Massachusetts, complain that Uncle Sam has if anything been hyperactive since the financial crisis of 2008. Between the last bit of George Bush’s administration and the beginning of Mr Obama’s, the federal government has spent some $700 billion to bail out the banks and another $787 billion to stimulate the economy. It has taken an ownership share in parts of the car industry and forced other sectors to reorganise. Right now, government is one of America’s few growth industries.
这可不能这么说。首先，刚刚在上文描述的瘫痪也就仅止于片刻而已，没有定型。事实上最近美国政府绝对不是躺着不干事。许多美国人，包括那些帮布郎先生在麻州当选的那一群聒噪的＂茶叶党＂支持者（译注：茶叶党是因英国要向当时美国殖民地课税所激起，因此作者可能引用来描述那些讨厌政府权力过大的人），如果有抱怨的话，是抱怨山姆大叔在金融危机后太活跃了。从布什政府最后的那一点时间到欧巴马政府的开头，美国政府总计花了将近七千亿美金来拯救银行业，以及七千八百七十亿美金来振兴经济。也成了汽车产业的股东，并且逼使其他产业做重整。现在，美国政府是少数美国仍在成长的产业之一。

Nor is it the case that Congress has stymied the whole of Mr Obama’s agenda. On most fronts the president has so far had his way. This applies not only to the usual presidential preserve of foreign affairs—Mr Obama has withdrawn troops from Iraq and, controversially, sent more to Afghanistan—but to domestic policy as well.
也不能说国会妨碍了欧巴马议程上所有的的事情。几乎在各方面，欧巴马都能让事情照他的意思办理。这不只包括了一般全由总统主宰的外交事务—欧巴马撤回了一部分伊拉克的守军并备受争议的增加了阿富汗的守军–也包括了国内的事务。

Norman Ornstein is a fellow of the American Enterprise Institute and the co-author of a book (“The Broken Branch”) that laments the decline of Congress. So it is striking that he of all people argued in the Washington Post recently that the present Congress is set to be “one of the most productive” since the momentous 89th Congress of 1965-66, during which Lyndon Johnson pushed through the scores of bills that created his “great society”.
欧斯坦（Norman Ornstein）是美国企业机构（American Enterprise Institute）的一位研究学者，也是＂The Broken Branch＂这本书的作者，书中他对国会的式微感到哀伤。他最近却非常令人惊讶的在的华盛顿邮报上认为，现在这届的国会将会是自第八十九届国会以来最多产的国会。在第八十九届时（1965-66），约翰逊总统Lyndon Johnson推动通过了许多的法案来创造他所谓的＂伟大的社会＂

In fairness, Mr Ornstein reaches this verdict by taking a very upbeat view of the stimulus package. This, he notes, included $288 billion in tax cuts, “one of the largest tax cuts in history”, with credits for energy conservation and renewable-energy production as well as home-buying and college tuition. The package promised $19 billion for health-information technology, and more than $1 billion to test the effectiveness of health-care treatments. Stimulus money found its way into school reform, a smart grid for electricity and expanded access to broadband internet. Had any Congress passed all these measures separately, Mr Ornstein says, it would be considered enormously productive. This Congress did it all in one bill, and also enacted other big measures, such as an expansion of children’s health insurance and a broad land-conservation law.
平心而论，欧斯坦先生之所以会有那样的结论是因为他对这次的经济刺激方案十分看好。这些方案，他记载着，包括两千八百八十亿美金的减税（有史以来最大的减税之一），其中有对节能、替代能源的生产，购屋、以及大学学费的节税。方案中答应了一百九十亿美金来开发健康信息科技，和超过十亿美金来测试健保疗法的有效性。刺激方案的钱也流进了学校改革、智能型的电力网络，以及扩大人们对宽带网络的使用。欧斯坦说，如果任何一个其他的国会将这些措施拆成个别的法案来通过，这个国会就会被认为是有着无比的生产力。这届的国会用一个法案就完成了，还颁布了其他有份量的措施，例如扩大孩童的健康保险，以及广泛的土地保育法。

This is not the record of a paralysed administration. But then again, much of the present talk about ungovernability relates not to the recent past but to the immediate future. Of course Mr Obama could get things done when he had a supermajority, and the stimulus even passed without one. But he was voted into office for four years, and has been stopped in his tracks after only one. If the Republicans do well in the mid-terms, Mr Ornstein fears, they will try even harder to cripple Mr Obama by opposing all the Democrats’ initiatives.
这不像是一个瘫痪政府的纪录阿。可是当我们回溯前面的论点，大部分有关无法治理的言论不是讲的最近的过去，而是讲的不久的未来。想当然尔，欧巴马在有超级多数时可以把事情完成，而他甚至不需要超级多数来通过经济刺激方案。不过，他的任期是四年，他却在一年之后就被人挡在跑道上了。如果共和党在未来的期中选举里选得不错，欧斯坦担心他们可能会采取反对民主党所有想完成的计划这样的做法来进一步削弱欧巴马。

Perhaps they will—though the Republicans might injure their own chances if they become only the “party of no”. But even if Mr Ornstein’s fears are realised, a president who cannot legislate has other ways to get things done. He can, for example, use executive authority. Even before the setback in Massachusetts, Mr Obama saw this as one way to cut carbon emissions if the Senate failed to pass a cap-and-trade bill. On the day the Copenhagen summit started last December, the Environmental Protection Agency ruled that greenhouse gases were a threat to public health. In principle this gives the agency wide authority to create new rules curbing the carbon emissions of cars and factories.
也许他们真的会这么做吧—不过共和党也有可能会伤到他们自己当选的机会，如果他们变成了＂为反对而反对＂的党。即使欧斯坦先生的噩梦成真了，一个没有办法立法的总统仍然有其他方法可以将事情完成的。例如说，他可以使用他的行政权。远在麻州的选举失利前，欧巴马先生就已经认识到，如果参议院无法通过总量管制和交易的法案，行政命令是另一个方法可以降低碳排放量。在去年十二月，哥本哈根高峰会开始的那一天，美国的环保署宣布了温室气体是会对人类健康造成威胁这样的规定。原则上来说，这规定给了该署很广泛的权力，可以颁布新的规定来约束汽车和工厂的排放量。

Since Massachusetts, the White House’s interest in governing by regulation has grown. Rahm Emanuel, Mr Obama’s chief of staff, told the New York Times last week that the administration was reviewing a list of presidential orders and directives “to get the job done across a front of issues”. One example is the habit Senate Republicans have made of holding up staff appointments to the administration, often for tactical reasons unrelated to the merits of the candidates. But the president has a countervailing power: he can make “recess appointments” when Congress is not sitting. As soon as the White House threatened recently to do just this, the Republicans confirmed a score of posts they had previously blocked.
麻州的选举之后，白宫对使用行政规章来治理国家的兴趣变浓了。欧巴马的幕僚长艾曼纽Rahm Emanuel上周告诉纽约时报的记者说，白宫正在检讨一些总统命令和指导方针，＂好用来在一些优先的议题上将事情完成＂。其中一个例子是共和党参议员习惯性的延滞白宫对幕僚的任命，通常是为了策略性的理由而和被任命人的优缺无关。不过总统有一个可以做为对抗的权力：他可以利用国会不在会期时做＂休会任命＂,swiss watches。最近一次当白宫威胁要这么做的时候，共和党们就立刻同意了不少他们之前挡下的任命。

In short, a president blocked in Congress is not without resources. It is not that long, after all, since commentators were panicking not about the impotence of the presidency but about Mr Bush’s war on terrorism invigorating an “imperial presidency” at the expense of Congress, civil liberties and the courts. War and economic crisis have always augmented the powers of the White House, and for the foreseeable future Mr Obama will continue to enjoy the dubious “benefits” of both.
简短的来说，一个在国会被阻挠的总统不是没有其他资源可以运用的。在不久之前，评论家们不是在对总统的缺乏权力而惊慌，而是在担心小布什在对恐怖组织的战争里将总统的权力提升到像皇帝一般，进而伤害到了国会、人民的自由、以及法院的权力。战争和经济危机总是会增加白宫的权力，而在可见的未来，欧巴马将会继续的从这两件事情上得到含糊的帮助。

The questionable mandate
到底人民托付了甚么呢？

There is, besides, a deeper question to be asked of those who sum up the present deadlock in terms of Congress blocking Mr Obama’s mandate. In November 2008 Americans preferred him over John McCain. They got the president they wanted. But that does not mean that they intended to give him a blank cheque. On the contrary, a case can be made that most Americans were always cool towards some of the policies that Mr Obama and the Democratic leadership chose to turn into their tests of success.
还有，有一个问题我们必须要问，问那些认定目前僵局是由国会阻挡欧巴马完成选民托付的人。在2008年十一月，美国人偏好他多过于麦肯（John McCain）。他们得到想要的总统。可是这不代表他们就会给他一张空白支票。相反的，我们可以说大部分美国人对欧巴马和民主党的领导们所选来做为他们成功标竿的这些议题一直是很冷漠的。

In early 2009 Pietro Nivola, a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution, trawled the opinion polls to discover whether the public was leaning left or right on the dominant policy questions as the Bush presidency ended and Mr Obama’s began. They showed that Americans had tilted towards the Democrats only on some matters. They supported the financial bail-out and the stimulus package, but only by slender majorities. As for the environment, support for the government “doing more” to tackle global warming evaporated when respondents were asked less abstract questions, such as whether they were willing to pay more for electricity.
在2009年初，一位在布鲁克林学院的资深教授尼佛拉Pietro Nivola，在布什的任期将尽而欧巴马的任期要开始的时候，对民调作了一番研究要来发现到底大众在一些重要的政策上是偏左还是偏右。这研究显示了，美国人只在某些议题上偏向了民主党。他们支持对金融界的拯救和经济刺激方案，不过支持者只占些微的多数。在环保议题上，他们支持政府多做一些来解决全球暖化的态度，在被问到一些比较不抽象的问题时–例如他们是否愿意付较高的电费–就烟消云散了。

Mr Nivola’s essay, published in April last year, warned Democratic policymakers to be wary of following too radical an agenda. Much of the public was doubtful about the ability of government to meet the nation’s challenges. The governing party, he argued, was therefore operating “with precious little margin for error”. As for health care, a difficult subject the world over (see article), voters were likelier to prefer marginal adjustments of the system to a fundamental restructuring. Even in the recession, Mr Nivola observed, nine out of ten workers continued to have jobs, and most had health insurance.
尼佛拉在去年四月发表的短文，警告民主党要小心不要遵循太激进的议程。大多数的百姓不太相信政府有能力克服国家所面临的挑战。因此，他说，执政党在运作上只有非常小的空间可以容许误差。在健保的议题上，是一个全球都感到头痛的问题，选民比较倾向于逐步缓慢的对体制作调整，而不是从根本做大幅的重整。尼佛拉的观察是，即使在经济衰退中，十个工人中仍有九个继续有工作，而大多数有健保。

The warning was prescient. By the time Massachusetts cost Mr Obama his supermajority, support for health reform had dropped away (see chart). Indeed, polls taken after the vote confirmed that worries about the costs of reform helped Mr Brown to win. Whatever the objective merits of the plan, Mr Obama has so far failed to sell it. To that extent, the Republicans are reflecting the popular will, not obstructing it. Far from being broken, it could be argued, American democracy is working with exquisite sensitivity, allowing the administration to advance where it has the people’s support but checking it when it overreaches.
尼佛拉的警告真是有先见之明。在麻州的选举让欧巴马丧失超级多数的时候，对健保改革的支持度已经下降了。在麻州选后所进行的民调证实了，选民对健保改革成本的担忧的确帮助了布郎的当选。不论客观上健保改革计划有哪些优点，欧巴马先生到目前为止没有成功的推销这个计划。就这些情形来看，共和党是在反映大众的意愿，而不是再阻挠它。我们可以这么说，美国的民主制度，非但没有失灵，反而是运转到有着无比的敏感度。当人民支持的时候，政府能够前进，而当人民觉得政府做超过了，政府就被节制了。

Needless to say, the people are not always well-informed, let alone right or consistent in their wants. In America special-interest groups spend vast sums shaping both legislation and broader public attitudes. The non-partisan Centre for Responsive Politics reported on February 12th that companies and other organisations spent a record $3.5 billion on lobbying in 2009, much of it targeted on the administration’s health and energy bills. And this, notes James Thurber of American University’s Centre for Congressional and Presidential Studies, includes only what is recorded by registered lobbyists, not money spent for grassroots organising, coalition-building, advertising and advocacy on the internet. On some estimates, Mr Thurber says, the total spent on lobbying in Washington is closer to $9 billion a year.
不用说的是，大众并不是一直都有充分的信息，更别提他们愿望的对错或者一致性。在美国，特殊利益团体花了大把的钞票来影响立法和公众态度。一个非党派的中心Centre for Responsive Politics在二月十二日报导说，企业和其它的组织在2009年花了破记录的三十五亿美金在政治游说上，大部分是针对健保和能源的法案。而这金额只包括了有注册的说客所登录的款项，而不包括花在草根活动，建立联谊，广告，以及网络鼓吹上的费用。根据某些估计，硕博先生说，每年在华府的游说费用总计接近九十亿美金。

Even before he became president, Mr Obama vowed to cut the lobbyists down to size. He promised to “change how Washington works”, declaring that lobbyists would not be allowed to run the party or the White House or “drown out the voice of the American people”. That makes it tempting for him to blame his embarrassment now not only on Republican obstruction but also on the resistance of vested interests, such as health insurers.
在他成为总统之前，欧巴马先生就誓言要将说客的规模降低。他答应要改变华府运作的方式，他也宣称这些说客将不会被容许来主宰民主党、白宫、或者是＂湮灭美国人的声音＂。他的论调会让他非常想将他尴尬的处境怪在不只共和党的阻挠，还有那些特殊利益团体，例如健保的保险公司。

And yet it is not primarily the special-interest groups that have blocked his plans for health reform. For all his high-toned talk about changing Washington’s ways, Mr Obama was careful to co-opt the most powerful interest groups in advance. The health-insurance industry was broadly supportive, given that reform promised tens of millions of new customers. The pharmaceutical industry lobbied on the administration’s side—once it was told its interests would be protected. Most of the opposition appears to have bubbled up from ordinary people who did not like or understand what was being proposed. And Mr Obama did too little to persuade them or to shape the debate in Congress.
可是，特殊利益团体并不是他健保改革被挡下的主因。虽然他高调的说着有关改变华府运作的方式，但是实际上欧巴马先生在推出他的方案之前很小心的和几个最有影响力的利益团体做了互动。健保的保险业大部分是支持他的，因为改革将带来数以千万计的新客户。制药产业，在被告知他们的利益会被保护之后，转而替政府游说。大多数反对的人是从一般人里面冒出来的，他们或者是不喜欢、或者是不了解提议中的改革计划,replica rolex watch。而欧巴马先生显然在在说服这些人上，或在推动国会辩论上，做得不够多。

How much government?
政府该有多大？

If he falls short, millions of Americans will feel bitter disappointment. But the failure of any president to realise such large goals in his first year does not discredit the whole system. In the end, the question of whether a country is governable turns on how much government you think it needs. America’s founders injected suspicion of government not only into the constitution but also into the political DNA of its people. And even in the teeth of today’s economic woes, at least as many Americans seem to think that what ails them is too much government, not too little.
如果他没有成功,replica tag heuer，数以百万计的美国人将会感到非常失望。可是一位总统在第一年没有实现很远大的目标这样的事情，并不会让人对整个体制失去信心。最终，一个国家能否被治理这个问题，会归结成一个国家的治理需要多大的政府这样的问题。美国的开国先贤，不但把对政府的疑心注入到宪法中，也把它注入到国民的政治遗传基因里了。即使在这次经济的灾难中，至少有和开国先贤一样多的人认为问题是在政府太大，而不是政府太小。

But there is a catch. However much Americans say they want a small government, they seem wedded to the expensive benefits of the big one they actually have, such as Social Security, health care for the elderly and a strong national defence. With deficits running at $1 trillion a year, and in order to stay solvent, they will have at some point to cut spending, pay more taxes, or both. Last month the Senate blocked a proposal for a bipartisan commission on deficit reduction: the yeas outnumbered the nays by 53 to 46, but failed to reach a supermajority. Mr Obama is now creating a commission by executive order, but its powers are unclear. To balance the books, politicians have sometimes to do things the people themselves oppose—even in America. That will be the true test of whether the country is governable.
不过这里有个圈套，不论美国人说他们多希望有个小政府，他们却已经习惯了现有大政府所提供的好处，例如社会安全金，老年人的健保，以及强有力的国防。现在每年的赤字是一兆美金，如果美国要能维持信用，他们迟早要削减开支，或者是多付一些税金，或者是这两件事一起做。上个月参议院挡下了一个提议要成立跨党派的委员会来削减赤字，赞成的有五十三票而反对的有四十六票，没能达到超级多数。欧巴马先生因而使用行政命令成立了这样的委员会，不过这个委员会的权力有多大不是很清楚。要能收支平衡，政治家有时候必须做一些民众反对的事情，即使是在美国。当那时刻到来，我们就能真正的来测试是否这个国家是可以治理的了。Buy louis vuitton handbags, louis vuitton bags, louis vuitton handbags. Sold louis vuitton handbags, louis vuitton bags, louis vuitton bags designers.
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a search on the Internet can find a lot of User Recommended civilians face wash, but they are showing some products can not see the real effect of contrast, watching a still no from the “lost” in order to see real results, I and my roommate conspiracy to come up with their own facial cleanser they usually use to one ultimate Competition, in the end to see who is the outright leader in the civilian facial cleanser, Ever since the pro-mediated pro-An Men performances for her crush are “lost milk” provides reference, to be a “defeat” milk guide An Men do not look at results shows, the most realistic comparison is the effect of the use of positive solutions ~~~~
This is what we Everyone is using a facial cleanser family portrait of the

MM good your eyes are opened wide Kane, facial cleanser the ultimate battle about to start 喽, we can readily find the existing six major characters ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Dangdang when debut through!. Should be conveyed to An Men of affordable Maybelline eyebrow shaping a close-up Oh, it is but our best supporting actor for this fight Oh, without her, but never do ~~~

hey, to each of the main characters debut of (in alphabetical order to say, grabbed the first on the um, um, ah), a large starting graceful, quiet 吼吼 ~ ~

protagonist one: affordable Materia Medica - Charcoal Purifying Mud
Washing instructions marked effect: Clean dirt, excess sebum and makeup and so on, up remover, cleansing a complete
taste: faint Juhua Xiang
Color: Gray, with pearl
foam: Add water, soft, foam rich

supporting role to play. Eyebrow is even and A You use every day loaded with dark brown eyebrow brush accounted for, in the back of the hand painted look. (Because of the eyebrows, when very light, less coloration, but in order to test results are used in the dark back of his hand, and use more weight), which next to know what it is used for a bar, or else how to say It is essential to it

eyebrow at the back of the cast, squeeze onto the facial cleanser, dripping a little water, knead from Mo after repeated Qingrou eyebrow at, probably about 30 seconds to go red foam, shown in Figure, the back of the eyebrow mark has not completely disappeared, there are some light marks. Repeatedly tried two times, the mark can still be identified eyebrow.
the use of hand-feeling skin: flushing, the skin feels slightly dry some.
face the use of experience: a touch of Ju-xiang, foam skin-friendly, but the washing, the skin feeling dry cheeks Department; right make-up remover not thorough enough. After cleansing, the need for timely shooting Shui
Summary: more suitable for oily skin, is not recommended for Cleansing ~; on the use of effect, and the bottle can be referred to clean dirt remover discrepancy.

protagonist of the two: a new generation of white cells, the doctor Whitening Cleanser (I believe a careful MM have long discovered, doctors are now growing in a big white van, and to praise a)
shows marked effect: the complete clean pores and surface texture of the dirt, wash away the dull, bright, white skin
flavor: taste like sweet-scented osmanthus fragrance, fragrance and pleasant
Color: shallow pink with pearl, with red beads rubbed
Foam: Foam is rich in water that is slightly rubbing effect

cast in the back of the hand on the eyebrow, squeeze onto the facial cleanser, dripping a little water, knead foaming after repeated Qingrou eyebrow at about 15 seconds or so to go red foam, Figure, back of the hand imprint on the eyebrow disappeared.
the use of hand-feeling skin: flushing, the skin without feeling tight and dry, it is to say Run.
face using the experience: the sweet-scented osmanthus fragrance taste, foam rich,Swiss Watches, delicate, skin-friendly; washing, the skin is very dry cheeks unknowingly Run; right make-up remover completely.
Summary: Any skin application may be proposed for Cleansing ~; on the use of effect, there is no access with the bottle above is the recommended value models economic benefits products oh ~ ~.

protagonist of the three: Washing mud next to the activity’s Pure Washing mud (deep cleansing series)
shows marked effect: clean surface, clean and smoke inside, away from the blackhead
taste: Flower fragrance , partial light floral, sweet smell of silk on the inside
Color: pale pinkish purple color of the light gray side, with pearl
foam: water, the rub, the time and the amount of foam produced can still be

eyebrow at the back of the cast, squeeze onto the facial cleanser, dripping a little water, knead from Mo after repeated Qingrou eyebrow at, probably about 30 seconds to go red foam,hair straighteners, shown in Figure, the back of the eyebrow mark has not completely disappeared, there are some light marks. Repeatedly tried two times, eyebrow mark almost eliminated.
the use of hand-feeling skin: facial cleanser relatively Run, after flushing, the overall feel is acceptable degree of skin can still be tight.
face the use of experience: Flower fragrance, very sweet; This paragraph is aimed at black, it may remain in the nose at more than a will, but the cheeks, if not quite the oil will not stay a long time, wash finished, will be somewhat dry, need to beat Shui.
Summary: suitable for black fields, the face is also partial oil Oh, do not recommend using this remover ~; on the use of effect, and the bottle described in “clean” discrepancy.

protagonist of the four: Nivea Whitening Foam Cleanser (skin beneath pure white Blemish)
shows marked effect: a smooth and efficient removal of facial quality and dust, reducing the phenomenon of skin dull, dilute the stain ” br> flavor: odor doctrinal
color: white, with pearl
bubble: not rich, almost no foam

eyebrow at the back of the cast, squeeze onto the facial cleanser, dripping a little water, knead foaming after repeated Qingrou eyebrow at about 20 seconds or so red to the foam, shown in Figure, the back of the eyebrow mark completely disappear.
the use of hand skin feeling: mark disappears, but the flushing is completed, the skin feels tight, like waxing feeling Sese’s.
face the use of experience: Some smell too thick, but the bubbles are not rich should pay attention to cleaning paste residue. Washed, skin tight, dry and uncomfortable. Shoot water of the need for timely mitigation.
Summary: suitable for a large oil field for ~ not recommended for dry skin remover and mixed use; on the use of a moderate effect, and the bottle decontamination different from above.

protagonist five: Garnier Hydra Care Foam Cleanser coagulation (moderate Washing Hydra Moisture)
shows marked effect: a thorough cleaning dirt, in order to provide intensive moisturizing skin
flavor: mint flavor
Color: white, with pearl
foam: water, the bubbles are not rich, after repeated scrubbing, there are foam production, less

eyebrow at the back of the cast, squeeze onto the facial cleanser, dripping a little water, knead from Mo after repeated Qingrou eyebrow at, probably about 30 seconds to go red foam,GHD straighteners, shown in Figure, the back of the eyebrow mark has not disappeared, but a little short there. Repeatedly tried 3 times, eyebrow mark all to see.
the use of hand skin feeling: imprint is still, but more skin-friendly cleanser, after flushing, the overall feeling of more moisture, the skin is not tight.
face using the experience: the taste of mint, non-irritating,replica watch, very fresh, but the bubble is not rich, clean nose and back of knee when you pay attention there will be residual paste. Washed, the skin is not tight, there are cool feeling.
Summary: Suitable for Dry fields oh ~ do not recommend using this remover; on the use of effect, as described with the bottle thoroughly clean dirt discrepancy.

protagonist of 6: Neutrogena Deep Clean Face (clean no residue formula)
shows marked effect: Deep cleansing, acting on the pore deep to remove the mail-order, external pollutants and aging horny
taste : hint of fruit flavor, not pungent, fresh
color: white, with pearl
Foam: As shown, gently knead a few seconds later, the white foam appeared fine texture (Oh, possible small-bubble So it would appear not rich production ,(*^__^*))

eyebrow at the back of the cast, squeeze onto the facial cleanser, dripping a little water, knead foaming after repeated Qingrou eyebrow at about 20 seconds or so red to the foam, shown in Figure, the back of the eyebrow mark completely disappear.
the use of hand skin feeling: Clear and complete, but some hair after use of skin tight, and some astringent.
face the use of experience: Clear isolation, relatively easy to use make-up, etc.; odor mild, non-pungent. However, after washing, to shoot water of time, or else there will be dry skin feeling.
Summary: suitable for the skin are oil fields and on the makeup of women use (male Eighty per cent of also can be used, O (∩ _ ∩) O ~) partial oil fields, to operate within their means Ershi oh ~ ~; on the use of results is almost in line with the bottle is described.
Duality and A You, as well as through the characters and supporting roles, and the camera’s incredible efforts Oumen large successful conclusion of the graceful.
in the six major characters in my roommate’s consensus is quite dry after use Nivea, Neutrogena second; inexpensive herbal medicine, and Pond’s cheek Department will feel dry after washing, scouring ability is not very strong; White doctor it up and use more moderate, scouring relatively strong, but after using Wet your skateboarding for a ~ ~ O (∩ _ ∩) O ~ Zan a say, as Garnier, can only say that it is still a good hint of mint flavor Bar ~ ~.
We just made a more objective comparison, represent personal views and, if purely do not intend to offend, in fact, No matter what type, what price a facial cleanser, the main effect is to remove stains, and use the face they do not feel tight after the skin is not dry, there is Eijun feeling better. Depends on your skin for which facial cleanser, first of all, to ensure that non-allergic and then consider other aspects, in this I hope you can find, and suited to their land belonging to the facial cleanser oh ~ ~ also hope that our “defeat” the ultimate showdown of milk to have to learn from the ~~~~
frustrating for so long, and the heavens got quite late, even roommates are really tired to rest for a while ~ ~ ~ ~ 10000 An, Wan-an through! ~ ~(*^__^*) hee hee … …

[This quote was last on 2009-12-16 11:25 by memail20062 edit]
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Wrath of the Lich King will first release on Novenber 13. It allows players to experience cold, foebidding continent of Northrend, where the fearsome Lich King Arthas Menethil last seen in Warcraft III: the Frozen Throne, works from his secluded citadel to bring all of Azeroth under his twisted dominion. Players will further with Lich King moreever, thegame enables players to advance characters to level 80 and gain powerful new abilities. Players can also explore several new zones and dungeons as the game progresses. Of late, we have learnt the latest news that Wrath of the Lich King goes live, we are pleased to announce that this expansion package are availabe in store.

In addition, the new features such as an achievement system, expanded player versus player combat such as siege weapon and destructible buildings, and the game’s first hero class-the necromantic knight are also introduced in the world of warcraft: Wrarh of the Lich King game.
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Wrath of the Lich King, a 208-page book featuring never-before-seen images from the game.
An exclusive in-game pet: Frosty, the baby frost wyrm.
A behind-the-scenes DVD containing over an hour of developer interviews, the Wrath of the Lich King intro cinematic with director’s commentary and more.
The official soundtrack CD, containing 21 epic tracks from the game, along with exclusive bonus tracks.
A mouse pad featuring a map of the newly opened continent of Northrend.
Two World of Warcraft Trading Card Game March of the Legion™, starter decks, along with two exclusive cards available only in the Collector’s Edition.
It’s that time again people, Blizzard’s newest expansion for the ever popular World of Warcraft will be released on November 13, 2008. Mark your calendar and tell everyone you’ll see them sometime after the holidays, cause you’re gonna be a little busy. Blizzard today sent out a press release announcing the street date and information concerning the Collector’s edition. Please pay more attention and have great fun in it.

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Ulduar as a new instance will be introduced in the World of Warcraft 3.1.0 patch. Along with it’s a new currency: Emblems of Conquest, you have the ability to make use of this special badge currency to buy new Ulduar badge gear.
To be honest, there are quite a few questions and some conjecture floating around the unstable information mass that is the Internet regarding just what is going to be happening with badge gear in World of Warcraft Patch 3.1.0.
Do you know what we are making mention of by badge gear? There is an item called a Badge of Justice was added to heroic boss loot tables in the Burning Crusade. Granted that these badges acted as currency which could be used to purchase other items, so badges were added to all raid boss loot tables and better and better items were made available to purchase using Badges. The problem was that a person farming Tier 4 content,aion gold, like Karazhan, could get enough badges to buy Tier 5.5 equivalent gear with little effort.
In Wrath of the Lich King, the function of badges was changed once again, but now they are called Emblems of XYZ, though the badge term still sticks. Emblems of Heroism drop off of all Heroic dungeon bosses as well as 10-Man raid bosses. These can be used to purchase comparable level gear to what is found in those instances.
The Emblem of Valor is also a higher level badge, which only drops in 25-Man raids at present and is similarly used to purchase comparable level gear.
A new rank of badge currency is able being added with the introduction of a new,wow gold, harder raid instance, Ulduar. These are called Emblems of Conquest, and will only drop in the 25-man mode of Ulduar. As per previous indication, the 10-man and 25-man progression paths are being kept completely separate, which means that a 10-man raid group will get Emblems of Heroism, then Emblems of Valor whereas the 25-man raid teams will go from Emblems of Valor to Emblems of Conquest.
As it is now, it is suspected that most of the players with a lot of higher level Emblems, like Valor or Conquest, will be able to trade them in for the lower ones should they find it necessary.
A few items are being added to the Emblem of Valor vendor by the reason that more players are going to be gaining access to Emblems of Valor via 10-man Ulduar. As the time being, there are a decent amount of Idols, Sigils, Librams and other "relic" slot items that drop in 25-man Naxx.
A player is part of a 10-man team who only ever experiences 10-man Naxxramas, however, 10-man Ulduar will never have the opportunity to get these class-specific and very crucial items. To remedy this issue, the 25-man Naxxramas relic drops are being put on the Emblem of Valor vendor.
Even though the patch has not yet been released, we have been informed of some of the items that will be purchasable with Emblems of Conquest. Keep in mind that all items purchased with Emblems of Conquest are at level 226.

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Enchanting is a good way to make money, most players do that by sitting in the Trade channel to find people who needs enchants and try to get a few wow golds for clicking a button but your best bet to make money is … disenchanting.

People do not really need wow gold in WotLK and the AH is full of opportunities for people who want to make a nice profit just by disenchanting stuff,wow gold, having access to a Jewelcrafter / Blacksmith / Leatherworker will make your life much easier for that.

The goal here is to buy cheap materials from the AH,wow power leveling, craft them into items to make a profit by disenchanting and selling the dusts/essences/shards, I’ll split them into three categories:

•Low Level Dust/Essence Items - They yield 1 or 2 Infinite Dust, 1-2 Lesser Cosmic Essence, or a Small Dream Shard. (Average value is around 6 or 7G most of the time)
•High level Dust/Essence Items - Gives 2 to 5 Infinite Dust, 1-2 Greater Cosmic Essence, or a Dream Shard. (Average value should be around 20 or 25G)
•Dream Shard Items - Disenchant in a Dream Shard. (Average value is 10 to 20G depending on your server)

The most profitable professions to craft these items are :

Blacksmithing
Disenchant from Blacksmithing mostly uses Cobalt Ore, that’s a good thing because it’s also something you can buy without any risk depending on your server. When you have enough cobalt you can craft :

•Horned Cobalt Helm and shouldn’t cost you more than 10 or 12G in mats, 10G profit.
•Notched Cobalt War Axe is also a high level essence/dust item but is a weapon and gives one or two Greater Cosmic Essence 75% of the time instead of dusts. This is very important because if you also disenchant items from other professions you will usually run out of essences before you run out of dusts. 10G Profit as well.
•Deadly Saronite Dirk is also interesting now that the price of Saronite has dropped. If saronite sells for 65S/ore on your server it shouldn’t cost you more than 10G to craft this dagger, if Dream Shards are enough it’s another 10G profit for each dagger you disenchant.

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